Developer Notes

  • Use a radio button when a user is to select an item from a predefined list of options
  • Except in a rare case where a mixed state is needed, radio buttons should be mutually exclusive
  • You should use a native element rather than a custom element because it will announce the correct built-in screen reader announcements without additional development effort
  • A radio button should just change between checked and unchecked states. It should not automatically navigate the user to another field or screen when checked, as that may cause a change of context. Revealing new information on the same screen as a result of activating a checkbox is usually not a change of context.
  • Name, Role, State must be announced when focus is on the control. Announcing the label before the radio button does not meet this requirement.

Name

  • Programmatic name describes purpose while focus is on the control (or on the whole table row/blade)

  • Programmatic name matches the visible text label

  • iOS Tips
    • Set a label in Interface Builder in the Identity Inspector
    • Group visible text label and the control in the same view container: accessibilityFrameInContainerSpace
    • setTitle( ) method
    • If no visible label, use accessibilityLabel on control
    • Hint is used sparingly and if the results of interacting with it are not obvious from the control’s label
    • To hide labels from VoiceOver announcements, uncheck the Accessibility Enabled checkbox in the Identity Inspector or use isAccessibilityElement=false
  • Android Tips
    • android:text XML attribute
    • Optional: use contentDescription for a more descriptive name, depending on type of view and for elements without a visible label
    • contentDescription overrides android:text
    • Use labelFor attribute to associate the visible label with the control (Best practice)

Role

  • Role is automatically announced if a native component is used

  • When not using native controls (custom controls), roles will need to be manually coded.

  • iOS
    • Standard UIButton
    • Announce as “button”
  • Android
    • Standard RadioButton with RadioGroup when applicable
    • Announcement: “double tap to activate”

Groupings

  • Group visible label with radio button (label and radio button can be grouped together in a tableview/row/blade - one swipe) to provide a programmatic name for the button

  • Or use labelFor (Android)

  • iOS Tips
    • accessibilityFrame
    • accessibilityFrameInContainerSpace
    • Create a wrapper as an accessible element
    • Define action upon double-tap
    • shouldGroupAccessibilityElement attribute: For a precise order if the native order should be disrupted.
    • GroupView
    • shouldGroupAccessibilityChildren attribute indicates whether VoiceOver must group it’s children views. This allows making unique vocalizations or define a particular reading order for a part of the page
  • Android Tips
    • ViewGroup
    • Set the container object’s android:screenReaderFocusable attribute to true, and each inner object’s android:focusable attribute to false. In doing so, accessibility services can present the inner elements’ contentDescription or names, one after the other, in a single announcement

State

  • States can be selected, dimmed/disabled, checked/unchecked, on/off

  • iOS
    • UIControlState or isSelected, UIAccessibilityTraitNotEnabled
    • Selected: Announced as “checked” or “selected”
    • Not selected: Announced as “not checked” (optional)
    • Active: isEnabled property
    • Disabled: UIAccessibilityTraitNotEnabled. Announced as “dimmed”
  • Android
    • Active: android:enabled=true
    • Disabled: android:enabled=false
    • on/off: isChecked, setChecked
    • Announcement: disabled, checked/not checked

Focus

  • Only manage focus when needed. Primarily, let the device manage default focus order.
  • Consider how focus should be managed between child elements and their parent views or containers

  • External keyboard tab order often follows the screen reader focus, but sometimes needs focus management

  • iOS
    • accessibilityElementIsFocused
    • isAccessibilityElement makes the element visible or not to the Accessibility API
    • accessibilityElementsHidden indicates that the children elements of the target element are visible or not to the Accessibility API
    • accessibilityViewIsModal contains the screen reader focus inside the Modal
    • To move screen reader focus to newly revealed content: UIAccessibilityLayoutChangedNotification
    • To NOT move focus, but dynamically announce new content: UIAccessibilityAnnouncementNotification
    • UIAccessibilityContainer protocol: Have a table of elements that defines the reading order of the elements.
  • Android
    • importantForAccessibility makes the element visible to the Accessibility API
    • android:focusable
    • android=clickable
    • Implement an onClick( ) event handler for keyboard, as well as onTouch( )
    • nextFocusDown
    • nextFocusUp
    • nextFocusRight
    • nextFocusLeft
    • accessibilityTraversalBefore (or after)
    • To move screen reader focus to newly revealed content: Type_View_Focused
    • To NOT move focus, but dynamically announce new content: accessibilityLiveRegion(set to polite or assertive)
    • To hide controls: Important_For_Accessibility_false
    • For a ViewGroup, set screenReaderFocusable=true and each inner object’s attribute to keyboard focus (focusable=false)